Attributes of the Studies Users
The characteristics of the 102,216 participants are shown in Table 1 , and in Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix. Mean sodium excretion was estimated to be 4.93±1.73 g, and mean potassium excretion was estimated to be 2.12±0.60 g, with higher excretion in men than in women (P<0.001 for sodium and potassium).
Patterns from Salt and you will Potassium Removal
Observed excretion from 1 accelerated early morning pee specimen and you will projected “usual” removal (immediately after improvement to have regression dilution prejudice) are provided. To possess seen excretion, the latest imply (±SD) sodium excretion try cuatro.93±step one.73 g daily; step 3.3% of professionals had salt removal out of below dos.31 grams every single day, and you will 0.6% off members had sodium excretion from less than step 1.50 grams every single day. Getting estimated usual excretion, the latest imply sodium removal was cuatro.90±step 1.17 grams a-day; 0.2% away from players got salt excretion of below 2.29 g a day, and none got sodium excretion out-of lower than step one.50 grams daily.
Overall, 43.5% of the population had an estimated sodium excretion of more than 5 g per day, 45.9% between 3 and 5 g per day, and 10.6% less than 3 g per day (3.3% had an excretion <2.3 g per day, and 0.6% <1.5 g per day). After adjustment for regression dilution bias, 2.1% of participants had an estimated sodium excretion of less than 3 g per day, and only 0.2% had excretion of less than 2.3 g per day ( Figure 1A ). Overall, 7.9% of participants had an estimated potassium excretion of more than 3 g per day ( Figure 1B ).
Estimated sodium excretion was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001), whereas estimated potassium excretion was higher in urban areas (P<0.001) (Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). Per capita gross national income was inversely associated with estimated sodium excretion and positively associated with estimated potassium excretion (P<0.001 for trends). Mean estimated sodium excretion ranged from 3.78 g per day in Malaysia to 5.59 g per day in China. Mean estimated potassium excretion ranged from 1.70 g per day in South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) to 2.46 g per day in Canada and Europe (Poland and Sweden).
Urinary Salt Excretion and Hypertension
Alterations in blood pressure are shown having salt excretion out of shorter than simply step 3 g daily, excretion from less than six grams every day, and you may excretion in excess of 5 g everyday. People with most low otherwise extremely high salt excretion come regarding the profile. In the Asia, 218 people that have removal regarding less than 2 g on a daily basis was basically within the classification having excretion out of 2.00 so you’re able to 2.99 g every day, and 482 individuals with removal of greater than eleven grams for every time were included in the group that have removal of g otherwise even more everyday. Far away, 235 people that have excretion out-of nine.00 to 9.99 grams everyday and you may 112 persons that have excretion out-of ten grams or higher daily were included in the category with excretion from 8.00 to 8.99 g each and every day. We pubs imply 95% trust menstruation.
After adjusting for covariates, we found a significant positive association between estimated sodium excretion black women looking for men and systolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) and between estimated sodium excretion and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) ( Figure 2A and 2B ). For each 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion, there was an increment of 1.46 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (P<0.001) and an increment of 0.54 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001). After correcting for regression dilution bias and adjusting for covariates, we observed a steeper slope (a larger increment in blood pressure for a 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion) for the association between estimated usual sodium excretion and blood pressure, with an increment of 2.11 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure per gram and an increment of 0.78 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure per gram (P<0.001 for both comparisons).
Bir Yorum Yaz