Attributes of the Studies Users
The characteristics of the 102,216 participants are shown in Table 1 , and in Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix. Mean sodium excretion was estimated to be 4.93±1.73 g, and mean potassium excretion was estimated to be 2.12±0.60 g, with higher excretion in men than in women (P<0.001 for sodium and potassium).
Patterns from Salt and you will Potassium Removal
Observed excretion from 1 accelerated early morning pee specimen and you will projected “usual” removal (immediately after improvement to have regression dilution prejudice) are provided. To possess seen excretion, the latest imply (±SD) sodium excretion try cuatro.93±step one.73 g daily; step 3.3% of professionals had salt removal out of below dos.31 grams every single day, and you will 0.6% off members had sodium excretion from less than step 1.50 grams every single day. Getting estimated usual excretion, the latest imply sodium removal was cuatro.90±step 1.17 grams a-day; 0.2% away from players got salt excretion of below 2.29 g a day, and none got sodium excretion out-of lower than step one.50 grams daily.
Overall, 43.5% of the population had an estimated sodium excretion of more than 5 g per day, 45.9% between 3 and 5 g per day, and 10.6% less than 3 g per day (3.3% had an excretion <2.3 g per day, and 0.6% <1.5 g per day). After adjustment for regression dilution bias, 2.1% of participants had an estimated sodium excretion of less than 3 g per day, and only 0.2% had excretion of less than 2.3 g per day ( Figure 1A ). Overall, 7.9% of participants had an estimated potassium excretion of more than 3 g per day ( Figure 1B ).
Estimated sodium excretion was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001), whereas estimated potassium excretion was higher in urban areas (P<0.001) (Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). Per capita gross national income was inversely associated with estimated sodium excretion and positively associated with estimated potassium excretion (P<0.001 for trends). Mean estimated sodium excretion ranged from 3.78 g per day in Malaysia to 5.59 g per day in China. Mean estimated potassium excretion ranged from 1.70 g per day in South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) to 2.46 g per day in Canada and Europe (Poland and Sweden).
Urinary Salt Excretion and Hypertension
Alterations in blood pressure are shown having salt excretion out of shorter than simply step 3 g daily, excretion from less than six grams every day, and you may excretion in excess of 5 g everyday. People with most low otherwise extremely high salt excretion come regarding the profile. In the Asia, 218 people that have removal regarding less than 2 g on a daily basis was basically within the classification having excretion out of 2.00 so you’re able to 2.99 g every day, and 482 individuals with removal of greater than eleven grams for every time were included in the group that have removal of g otherwise even more everyday. Devamını Oku
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